Brian Crescimanno

After my recent tutorial was posted on NETTUTS, I found the feedback filled with comments such as:

Jquery is the best and can be used to do all of this stuff plus more.

and

Yeah, I agree NETTUTS should only go away from jQuery when it can’t perform something

Reader Tim commented:

Nice. but which is best? Scriptaculous, Mootools, jQuery, or Dreamweaver CS3 built in apps?

What amazes me is not the sentiment so much as it's the nearly religious zeal with which these people are dedicating themselves to a code library.  So I wanted to take a moment to examine the question without that same type of bias--Which JS Framework really IS "the best?"

To attack this problem, we should first really define what "the best" means.  After all, if some code library is worth this type of devotion, I want to be pretty damn sure that it's the best!  So what does it mean to be the best Javascript library?  Here are some thoughts:

1. It's the smallest
2. It's the fastest
3. It provides the most functions
4. It provides the strongest application structure
5. It provides a plugin system
6. It provides clean methods to implement Object-Oriented Programming
7. It integrates with a powerful back-end development platform
8. It provides easily maintainable and extensible code.
9. It's the most widely adopted by the biggest sites

That list was literally written in 30 seconds off the top of my head; I'm sure the true criteria to establish which Javascript library is the best is a far longer list.  That said, we'll use these 9 criteria.   What do we notice about these requirements?  If you answered that some of them lie in nearly direct opposition to each other (such as 1 and 3) you're right.  If you answered that some of them can compensate for weaknesses in other areas (for example, 5 or 8 and 3) you're also right.  Even with a short list of 9 requirements, we know two things:

1. No one library is going to meet all of these criteria
2. Not all of the requirements are always requirements

If you're busy debating which Javascript framework is "best," you're fighting a religious war that cannot be won; simply put--no one Javascript library can be objectively defined as "the best."

Gee, thanks Brian.  But which should I use?

In my opinion, for every project, you should evaluate which library makes the most sense to use.  It is certainly reasonable to have a preference (for example, you may feel that jQuery works for about 75% of all the project work you do) and that's great.  You may even find areas of overlap where you continue to use your preferred framework simply because it makes sense. For example, if you know prototype very well but are less experienced with jQuery, you may want to choose to use Prototype in the interest of speeding development even if based solely on the requirements of the project jQuery would be a "better" choice.

My personal opinions

Since you're reading my blog, I will give you what I consider to be my reasonably well-informed personal opinions of the libraries I have worked with and when they make sense:

The library I'm most experienced with is Prototype.  The primary reason is that it is the library we have standardized on here at AutoTrader so I work with it extensively on a daily basis.  My feelings on Prototype are that it is a great library that provides a lot of great functionality, is for the most part reasonably quick (with some notable exceptions).  Both jQuery and MooTools have their roots in Prototype, so moving between those 3 libraries are probably easier than moving to and from others.  For general development, my familiarity with Prototype makes it my first choice.  The biggest thing Prototype has going for it is its implementation of classes and inheritance easing the transition for those very familiar with object oriented programming.

For everything I like about Prototype, I dislike Script.aculo.us.  The way its implemented seems silly to me (creating a new object for each effect is how you execute the effect?) and it doesnt "fit" well with Prototype's code style.  It lacks an implementation of Robert Penner's easing equations which make its animations look less impressive.

I have a strong love of jQuery; it's incredibly small, incredibly fast, and very much follows the paradigm of "get out of the way."  The plugin architecture is fantastic, and the jQuery UI library is great--fully integrated with the jQuery style of coding and integrates everything I'd expect from a fully-featured animation library.  These guys have taken the concept of dereferencing objects to an extreme level--and it can make jQuery code difficult to read at times when you have one line that chains 35 methods.  That said, once you understand its power; its actually quite elegant.

MooTools is another great library, and if you're looking to do a lot of heavy animation work, I'd even suggest it over jQuery.  MooTools began as an animation extension to Prototype that evolved into its own library--but their heavy focus has always been on providing the fastest, smoothest animations of any library.  Obviously its not limited to only animation work; but that's certainly where the bulk of its strength lies.

I'd also like to mention SproutCore--if your goal is to build a fully functional application within a web browser that relies less on Ajax and animation and more on solid application architecture, SproutCore appears to be an excellent choice.  I have far less experience with it than other libraries, but from what I've seen, it's MVC implementation is quite impressive!

I'll refrain from in-depth comments on other libraries with which I have no experience--but there are certainly a multitude of choices out there!

Always remember to take your requirements for the library into account on a project-by-project basis--and don't be afraid to work with multiple frameworks.  It only makes you that much more valuable to an employer!

Technorati Tags: framework, javascript, jquery, library, mootools, prototype, sproutcore

Several of the websites produced by Eden have become perennial favorites in my RSS reader, including FlashDen, PSDTUTS, and most recently, NETTUTS.  Recently, I wrote a tutorial for NETTUTS that you can check out on their site, it's titled Create a Simple, Intelligent Accordion Effect Using Prototype and Scriptaculous.  While you're there, I highly recommend checking out some of the other great content they have.  Many talented folks have contributed tutorials for them, and the site is really establishing itself as one of the premier web development blogs online.

Technorati Tags: accordion, javascript, nettuts, prototype, scriptaculous, tutorial

Over the past few days, I've been asked by several colleagues about Prototype's bind() method; what exactly it does and when it should be used. In short, method binding in prototype allows you control the object that the keyword this references within a given context. Binding is a fairly complicated topic that, as I'm writing this post, can be as difficult to explain as it is to understand. However, once you grasp binding, it will seem perfectly natural to you.

To understand binding, you first have to understand a fundamental concept of Javascript: everything is an object. Every function, every element, every string, every array; at their basic level, they are all objects.

The next thing you must understand is what the keyword this means in object-oriented programming; this always refers to the current object. Consider this snippet:

Class TestClass{
  private int testInt = 0;
  public int getTestInt(){
    return this.testInt;
  }
  public void setTestInt(int myInput){
    this.testInt = myInput;
  }
}

In this brief Java example, we can see the use of the this keyword. In plain english, this corresponds to the object saying "This is my value."

This is where it becomes important to remember that everything in Javascript is an object. That means any time we create a function, we are creating an object. The keyword this will refer to the function; not its class. So when does this affect us using prototype? Most often, if affects us any time we use a closure such as in this example:

var Person = Class.create({
  initialize: function(name){
    this.name = name;
    var myArray = $('submitform').getInputs('text');
    myArray.each(function(textbox, i){
      /* this.processFormFields doesn't exist, because "this" refers to the
         anonymous function we've created as a closure */
      this.processFormFields(textbox);
    });
  },
  processFormFields: function(textbox){
    /* do some stuff here */
    /* This will not work, because in this case, this will refer
       to the closure, not the class object */
    textbox.value = this.name;
  }
});

In this case, we can't access methods of our person-classed object from within the closure object. So how can we run the class method from within the closure? Method binding!

Prototype's bind() method allows us to specify the object with which to associate the this keyword. Most often, you'll want to bind the method to the classed object you're working with as in this modified example:

var Person = Class.create({
  initialize: function(name){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = 0;
    var myArray = $('submitform').getInputs('text');
 
    var boundProcess = this.processFormFields.bind(this);
    myArray.each(function(textbox, i){
      /* boundProcess() is a copy of processFormFields that is
         specifies that THIS refers to the class object--not the closure */
      boundProcess(textbox);
    });
  },
  processFormFields: function(textbox){
    /* do some stuff here */
    textbox.value = this.name;
  }
}

Notice two important things here. First, we've used the bind() method. It has created a copy of the processFormFields method that will be able to be used from within the closure (since it does not rely on the this keyword to be called). Second, it has associated itself with the class object; which means that within the method, this.name will refer to this.name within the class object and not look for it in the closure (which would simply be undefined).

The general rule: any time you need to use one of your class methods within a closure and that class method will refer to any class properties using the this keyword, you need to bind that method to the class object.

One of the times that this becomes the most obvious is in event handling. Suppose we add this method to our class above:

eventHandler: function(e){
  this.age = e.element.identify();
}

And we observe it on a click of the "myButton" element:

$('myButton').observe("click", this.eventHandler);

In this case, the context of the event handler will be the element on which the event handler was called. Since myButton does not have a property called this.age, an error will be generated. We need to bind the method to the class object, not the myButton object. However, because this is an event handler, we will use prototypes bindAsEventListener() method which works exactly like bind--except the returned function automatically accepts the event object as its first parameter.

$('myButton').observe("click", this.eventHandler.bindAsEventListener(this));

Now, using this.age in the eventHandler() method will reference the class property age rather than a property of the element on which the eventHandler() was fired.

It's all about context!

Remember, the purpose of method binding is to ensure that you can make use of the "this" keyword. Without access to this, you lose the ability to work effectively with your class objects.

Technorati Tags: bind, function binding, javascript, prototype

This past week, some colleagues and I sat around a brainstorming table trying to isolate what was causing a particular page to load incredibly slowly in Internet Explorer 6. Drawing on our combined years of experience, and our mutual disdain for IE6, we came up with what we believed to be a solid list of potential bottlenecks that included (among other things):

1. DOM Parsing (the DOM is very large for this particular page)
2. Slow / Inefficient Ajax requests
3. Parsing large JSON strings returned by Ajax request
4. Too many event handler assignments

We tested each of these theories among the 5-6 others that we had collected and could not find any particular area that was acting particularly slow. Unfortunately, the lack of any serious profiling tools for IE made the task of doing real benchmarks almost impossible. We scratched our heads and adjourned for our 3-day weekend.

In the process of fixing random software defects, one of our other lead engineers stumbled across this line of code that one of our more junior engineers had checked in:

for(var i=0; i < $$('div.contents').length; i++)

My head was spinning just looking at that one statement. For those unfamiliar with Prototype, the $$ method is a sometimes useful, but horribly inefficient means of searching the DOM. In plain English, this method will walk the entire DOM of your document, and check if it matches the CSS selector contained within, and add a reference to that element to an array if it does. When the traversal is complete, the array is returned. Do you see the problem now? Each time the loop ran (conceivably 50+ times in this case, however many elements matched div.contents) it would have to do an entire DOM traversal. Additionally, it would have to calculate the length of the returned array each time!

For reference, as a service to all of the other engineers-those who don't yet know as well as those who have had to clean up after someone who didn't know, better practice would be:

var contents = $$('div.contents');
var length = contents.length;
for(var i=0; i < length; i++)

However, it would be far more advisable to restrict your search of the DOM using prototype's Element.select method to only check the portions of the DOM.

The important take-away here is that you need to exercise extreme caution when using any method that traverses the DOM; especially as long as IE6 is a large player in the browser market as its DOM traversal is notoriously slow. Prototype's $$ is an especially dangerous method (even when used properly) and should only be employed in cases when it truly makes sense—that is, when you need to check the entirety of the document. Far more often, you will know a containing element from which to base your search:

var oddRows = $("container").select("li.odd");

Finally, always remember to calculate all of your parameters outside of a for statement (as in example 2 above). Doing so as part of the statement frankly reeks of the kind of amateur development practice one might get from reading a collection of some of the worst technical books on the market as for some reason they all seem to advocate this kind of thing.

DOM Traversal is expensive. Know what you're looking for and determine the best way to find it; not the easiest.

Technorati Tags: $$, dom, element.select, javascript, performance, prototype

One annoying limitation of Javascript is that there is no easy way to track which element currently has focus. In general, we don't really need this information; however, I've recently run across a case where it would be a good idea to be able to know which element currently has focus. Here's a little prototype based Javascript that provides a simple way to track focus throughout your document using event delegation:

var FocusReader = Class.create({
 
    initialize: function(){
 
	this.currentFocus = null;
        var focusRead = this.focusRead.bindAsEventListener(this);
        document.observe("focus", focusRead);
    },
 
    focusRead: function(e){
        this.currentFocus = e.element();
    },
 
    getCurrentFocus(){
        return this.currentFocus;
    },
 
    getCurrentFocusId(){
	if(this.currentFocus.identify) return this.currentFocus.identify();
    }
 
});

Notice how we've used event delegation to ensure that we can see the focus anywhere in the document without having to add an event handler to every element that may receive focus. We've also provided two ways to represent the focused element--a pointer to the element itself as well as its ID.

Download: focusReader.js (1kb)

Technorati Tags: event delegation, focus, javascript

As development in Javascript moves further away from rollovers and other simple effects into developing true Rich Internet Applications, the number of events we have on our pages increases seemingly exponentially. Catch a left click, a right click, focus, blur, etc.--we're constantly pushing the boundaries of the Javascript event model. Through all of this, one aspect of Javascript events very often gets overlooked: event bubbling and it's power for enabling event delegation.

Reading the specification is often overly complicated, so I will summarize. Event Bubbling specifies that a Javascript event will not only register for the actual element on which the event occurred, but on all of that elements ancestors all the way up to document. For example say we have a form with a text box and we want to perform some action when a user clicks on the text box:

<form onclick="handleClick()">
    <fieldset>
          <input id="bubbleexample" type="text" />
    </fieldset>
</form>

Notice that our event handler has been set on the form and not on the text box itself. When the text box is clicked, the event generated will first be called on the text box itself. Then it will move up to the fieldset. Next it will hit the form element. It will continue to affect each ancestor element until it reaches the root element (document). This is called event bubbling.

Notice also that we are handling that event on the form element and not on the the text box itself. This is called event delegation.

You may, at this point, be asking yourself: what's the advantage of this technique? In the case above where we are only looking at a single event, there is no advantage. However, as the number of event handlers on your page grows, you can see significant performance increase both in terms of processing time and memory use. A complete discussion as to the exact reasons why is beyond the scope of this tutorial; but the important aspects are:

1. The event handler only has to be applied to one element (reduces processing time)
2. Only one copy of the event handler will reside in memory (reduces memory consumption)

In this example, I've applied event handlers using event delegation, and included metrics regarding processing time differences between using delegation and adding an event handler to each item individually.

There is, of course, a caveat to using event delegation: events you had no intention to handle will likely need to be handled gracefully by your handlers. Notice on line 12, of the example, the event handler checks to make sure it is not acting on the parent container; only the elements within that container. Obviously, as the DOM becomes more complicated beneath your chosen delegator element, so too will become the handler that must check what element it is being called on.

That said, the benefits do outweigh this potential pitfall. As you'll notice the code for the handler itself merely determines which element it was called on, checks that the element qualifies for action, and passes the element to another function which performs the actual action. This is good architecture; as the code to determine what to do with a particular event grows and multiple paths become possible, your code will be much easier to read and work with when you separate the actual action from the event handling.

So there you have it; a very brief introduction to using event delegation and its advantage over the more traditional paradigm.

Technorati Tags: event bubbling, event delegation, event handling, events, javascript

Today I spent a good deal of my time dealing with Javascript event handling and delegation using the Prototype javascript library with relation to some forms in our current project. In addition to simply firing and catching events using actual events, this applications also make use of the click() and focus() methods to fire these events in certain circumstances without user interaction. The issues I'm discussing here are specific to radio buttons and checkboxes across the three major browsers--but primarily focused on Firefox and Safari. The provided example does not use Prototype--it is plain vanilla Javascript. However, the proposed workaround does rely on the Prototype library (sorry, it was just faster that way--and it's also the implementation I used to solve the problem on my own).

What (I believe) the spec calls for:

When a radio button or checkbox is clicked with the mouse, the mouse click event will fire with it's target object set to the radio button that was clicked. The radio button will also gain focus.

Both Internet Explorer and Firefox exhibit this behavior exactly (on true user clicks--we'll get to the event simulation methods shortly). Safari, however, only fires the click event. The checkbox or radio button that was clicked does not receive focus as it should.

So let's just always observe clicks and leave focus to the birds

I told you we'd get back to the event simulation methods in a minute. Both Firefox and Internet Explorer exhibit some strange behavior when using these methods vs. actual events. In Firefox, the click() method generates an event with the target set to the calling element--not the actual target of the click. This is inconsistent with both Firefox's focus() method and Internet Exlorer and Safari's handling of both the click() and focus() methods. This example (Firefox, Safari, and Opera compatible) demonstrates the issue.

So where does the problem start?

In the case when you need to force a particular radio button to be selected by default and you have additional Javascript logic that must run based on that selection. Let's say you have 4 radio buttons as in the previous example and you wish the 3rd radio button to be selected by default (we'll assume there's some Javascript logic that must happen based on the user's selection that must also occur with the default selection). Because the user will not be interacting with the default selection, we must rely on event methods to fire our events. So we have some challenges:

• If we use click() and have our radio buttons listen for a click, Firefox will believe the target of the event is document. The radio button will be selected, but any additional logic based on knowing what was clicked (using event.target) will fail.
• If we use focus() and have our radio buttons listen for focus, Safari will see the radio button receive focus correctly when the page loads as we will be using focus(). However, any actual user interaction will fail as the focus() event will not fire.

A workaround

I intend to open a bug in the Firefox bug tracker for this issue (if one is not already open; I didn't find one with a quick glance through Bugzilla). Until then, I've written a little workaround that requires the Prototype library to function.

First, ensure that your radio buttons are set up to respond to focus events (since we know that Firefox will only react properly to those events when called programmatically.

$('my-form').getInputs("radio").invoke('observe', 'focus', eventHandler);

Now, observe for clicks to forward on:

$('my-form').getInputs("radio").invoke('observe', 'click', fakeClick);

Your fakeClick method should look like this:

fakeClick: function(e){
   var el = e.element();
   if(el.identify) { /* Filter out click() for FireFox */
      if(this.focused.identify() != el.identify()) {
         e.element.focus(); /* Throws the proper focus() for Safari */
      }
   }
}

The other aspect of this is that within your actual event handler, you need to be sure to set the this.focused to the element that currently has focus.

I've created an example Prototype-enabled JS class to show how the functionality works.

Conclusion

So there you have it, some basic information about a bug in Firefox and a bug in Safari that together make for some interesting times when handling events; and a workaround which I hope you will find useful in getting around these two bugs. Please note that the code is more of an example on how to implement it; though it can be copied verbatim if you wish.

Download ClickFix.js (2kb)

Technorati Tags: event handling, events, firefox, javascript, prototype, safari

For the first time in a long time, I feel like it's actually for me to start blogging again--it's not that I have some conceited notion that the world actually wants to hear what I have to say.  It's more that after moving to AutoTrader.com in November, I feel like I've really found some direction.  All of my previous attempts at starting a blog focused (at least, in my mind) on my own design abilities.  Having found myself at ATC, I've come to accept a pretty sensible truth:  I am not an artist.  

Certainly I have some Visual Design skills; but they are not my strong suit.  My focus has always been on User Experience an Interaction Design and the best way for me to achieve those goals is to focus on User Centric development practices as an extension of User Centric Design.  It's with this mentality that I've chosen simply to install Wordpress, grab a theme I thought was nice, and get to the more important aspect of writing a Blog--actually writing it!

I'm back in Atlanta this week after attending the O'Reilly Web 2.0 Expo in San Francisco April 22-25.  The Expo was, for lack of a better description, a mixed bag.  Duane Nickull and James Ward of Adobe opened the conference for us on Tuesday with an Adobe Flex Boot Camp session which set a rather high bar in terms of conference sessions. Needless to say, after seeing the potential of Flex first hand, I quickly downloaded the Flex Builder 60-day trial and have been running through tutorials since I got back.   As my colleague Neil Green put it to me, "this shit sells itself"--and he was 100% correct.  When we look at Flash version penetration numbers, what we see is that over 98% of systems have Flash Player 8 or better.  What does this mean?  In the simplest terms:

• More people have Flash than have Javascript enabled
• More people have Flash than use any single version of any web browser
• More people have Flash than use any version of any web browser

In my opinion, those are some pretty staggering numbers.  Factor in that the Flash Player will render these SWF files identically on the 3 major platforms--under any browser--and you have a very compelling argument in favor of Flex-based development for the front end.  Especially given that my primary role at ATC over the past 7 months has been as an Ajax developer and my continuing battles with multiple browsers' disparate support for CSS...you get the picture.  Technology like Flex looks pretty good in the face of all of that.

What have you heard about Flex?  What do you see as the advantages and the drawbacks?  Are you looking at implementing it in your organization?    Basically--I've been sold on the idea of Flex; but I'd love to hear the downsides that I'm certain I'm overlooking (and let's try to avoid the "more obvious than obvious" things like "it's proprietary" and "it requires a plugin").  Thanks--that'd be great!

Technorati Tags: ajax, css, flash, flex, javascript, meta, web20expo